MELAMPAUI DOMINASI MASKULINITAS HEGEMONIK MELALUI TOKOH  SUPERHERO GAY  DALAM NOVEL  HERO  KARYA PERRY MOORE

Made Arya Vidiarama; Nur Saktiningrum

doi:10.24257/atavisme.v25i2.720.123-138

MELAMPAUI DOMINASI MASKULINITAS HEGEMONIK MELALUI TOKOH SUPERHERO GAY DALAM NOVEL HERO KARYA PERRY MOORE

Made Arya Vidiarama^(1*), Nur Saktiningrum⁽²⁾

(1) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(2) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Superhero is considered as an ideal figure with the image of hegemonic masculinity men. Hegemonic masculinity men are categorized as heterosexual, strong, intelligent, and dominant men. Meanwhile, homosexual men are subordinate masculinity. Perry Moore’s novel Hero presents the figure of a gay superhero. This study will explain how a gay superhero character named Thom was able to transcend the domination of hegemonic masculinity which has been synonymous with the image of a superhero. The method used is descriptive-analysis. The data taken is in the form of quotations in the novel Hero. The data that has been collected will be analyzed using the hegemonic masculinity theory popularized by R.W. Connell. The results of this study indicate that Thom is categorized as subordinate masculinity because of his sexual orientation as well as his weak, and insecure nature. As a gay superhero, Thom faces several conflicts in academics, family, and neighbourhood. However, he showed that he could change the perceptions of people. Through this novel, Perry Moore tried to dismantle superhero stereotypes.

Keywords

gay; maskulinitas hegemonik; maskulinitas subordinat; queer; superhero

Full Text:

PDF

References

Blackwell, Christopher W. Janice L. Ricks, dan Sophia F. Dziegielewski (2008). Discrimination of Gays and Lesbians: A social justice perspective. Journal of Health & Social Policy, 19:4, 27-43, Doi: 10.1300/J045v19n04_02.

Bochenek, Michael dan A. Widney Brown. (2001). Hatred in The Hallways: Discrimination and Violence Against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Students in U.S. Public Schools. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.

Camp, Lisa D. (2017). ‘Time to Ride The Monster Train’: Multiplicity, The Midnighter and The Threat to Hegemonic Superhero Masculinity. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 8:5, 464-479, Doi: 10.1080/21504857.2017.1355829.

Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities: Second Edition. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Connell, R. W dan James W. Messerschmidt. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking The Concept. Gender & Society 19: 829. Doi: 10.1177/0891243205278639.

Demetriou, D. Z. (2001). Connell’s Concept of Hegemonic Masculinity: A Critique. Theory and Society, 30(3), 337-361. Doi: 10.1023/a:1017596718715.

Fingeroth, Danny. (2004). Superman on The Couch: What Superheroes Really Tell Us about Ourselves and Our Society. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc.

Fleming, Matthew James. (2015). The Avengers Disassembled: Deconstructing Gender & Hegemonic Masculinity in Superhero Culture. (Magister thesis). Waterlo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University.

Hapsoro, Yudo Suryo. (2018). Citra Laki-laki Baru dalam Novel Seperti Dendam Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas Karya Eka Kurniawan. (Tesis magister). Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Harper, Gary W. dan Margaret Schneider. (2003). Oppression and Discrimination among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered People and Communities: A Challenge for Community Psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 31, Nos. 3/4, June 2003. Doi.org/10.1023/A:1023906620085.

Howson, Richard. (2006). Challenging Hegemonic Masculinity. New York: Routledge.

Huebner, David M., Gregory M. Rebchook, dan Susan M. Kegeles. (2004). Experiences of Harassment, Discrimination, and Physical Violence among Young Gay and Bisexual Men. American Journal of Public Health, Vol 94. No. 7, 1200-1203. Doi: 10.2105/AJPH.94.7.1200.

Kirsch, M. (2000). Queer Theory and Social Change. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.

Leeuwen, James M. Van, Susan Boyle, Stacy Salomonsen-Sautel, D. Nico Baker, J.T. Garcia, Allison Hoffman, and Christian J. Hopfer. (2006). Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Homeless Youth: An Eight-City Public Health Perspective. Child Welfare, Mar-Apr 2006;85(2):151-70. PMID: 16846110.

Messerschmidt, James W. (2018). Hegemonic Masculinity: Formulation, Reformulation, and Amplification. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.

Metha, Valerie Palmer dan Kellie Hay. (2005). A Superhero for Gays? Gay Masculinity and Green Lantern. The Journal of American Culture. Volume 28, Number 4. December 2005. Doi: 10.1111/j.1542-734X.2005.00242.x.

Moore, Perry. (2008). Hero. Great Britain: Corgi Books.

Morrow, D. (2001). Older Gays and Lesbians: Surviving A Generation of Hate and Violance. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 13:1-2, 151-169, Doi:10.1300/J041v13n01_11.

Pecora, Norma. (1992). Men, Masculinity, and The Media. Superman/Superboys/Supermen: The Comic Book Hero as Socializing Agent. Thousand Oak: SAGE Publication.

Pratama, Dian Agustina. (2013). Maskulinitas dan Politik Gender Homoseksual dalam Roman La Meilleure Part des Hommes Karya Tristan Garcia. (Tesis megister). Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Putri, Ratna Cahaya Rina Wirawan. (2016). Ideal Superhero Body: Under the Influence of Western and Asian Masculinity. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Thought, CD-ROM. ISSN: 2156-6992:: 05(05): 163-174.

Shyminsky, Neil. (2011). “Gay” Sidekicks: Queer Anxiety and The Narrative Straightening of The Superhero. Men and Masculinities - Volume 14, Number 3, Aug 01, 2011. Doi: 10.1177/1097184X10368787.

Spitzer, R. L. (1973). Homosexuality and Sexual Orientation Disturbance: Proposed Change in DSM-II, 6th Printing, page 44. APA, 730008.

Suharto, Sugihastuti. (2002). Kritik Sastra Feminis: Teori dan Aplikasinya. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Swigonski, M. (2001). Human Rights, Hate Crimes, and Hebrew-Christian Scripture. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 13: 1-2. 33-45. DOI: 10.1300/J041v13n01_04.

Taylor, Aaron. “He’s Gotta be Strong, and He’s Gotta be Fast, and He’s Gotta be Larger than Life”: Investigating The Engendered Superhero Body. The Journal of Popular Culture, Vol. 40, No.2, 2007. Doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5931.2007.00382.x.

Wibowo, Paul Hero. (2012). Masa Depan Kemanusiaan: Superhero dalam Pop Culture. Jakarta: LP3ES.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v25i2.720.123-138